The Housing Finance System

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A. Primary Housing Finance Market

A.1 Industry Structure and Performance
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Number of firms originating and funding mortgage loans281Not available257
Country Editor
A.1.1
Types of originating lenders/market share:A.1.2
Universal/ commercial banks92.4% of total92.7% of total92% of total
Australian Bureau of Statistics
A.1.2.1
Other depository institutions (savings and loans/mutual savings and credit institutions)2% of total1.8% of total2% of total
Country Editor
A.1.2.2
Non-depository financial institutions specialized in housing finance7% of total7% of total6% of total
Country Editor
A.1.2.3
Identify the 3 largest loan originating lendersCommonwealth Bank (CBA), Westpac (WBC), Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ), National Australia Bank (NAB)Commonwealth Bank (CBA), Westpac (WBC), Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ), National Australia Bank (NAB)Commonwealth Bank (CBA), Westpac (WBC), Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ), National Australia Bank (NAB)
KPMG
A.1.3
Are there (quasi) public mortgage lenders:NoNoNo
Australian Taxation Office
A.1.4
Universal/ commercial banksNoNoNo
Australian Taxation Office
A.1.4.1
Other depository institutions (savings and loans/mutual savings and credit institutions)NoNoNo
Australian Taxation Office
A.1.4.2
Non-depository financial institutions specialized in housing financeNoNoNo
Australian Taxation Office
A.1.4.3
General non-depository financial institutionsNoNoNo
Australian Taxation Office
A.1.4.4
Others (e.g. insurance co, pension funds, labor tax funds)Not availableNot availableNot available
 
A.1.4.5
Level of Non-Performing Mortgage Loans (90 days or more past due):A.1.6
as a % of # of loansNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.1.6.1
Average 1997-2007 A.1.7
as a % of # of loans Not availableNot availableNot available
 
A.1.7.1
Lowest decile of the income distribution served by the dominant mortgage lendersNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.1.8
A.2 Size of Mortgage Finance Sector
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Total amount of home mortgage loans outstanding at the end of year in millions of USD:1,278,302.61 USD (millions)1,369,017.78 USD (millions)1,222,084.62 USD (millions)
Country Editor
A.2.1
Total amount of home mortgage loans outstanding at the end of year as % of GDP (current)90.02%98.72%96%
Country Editor
A.2.1.1
and as % of all credits outstanding51.1%49.21%48.9%
Country Editor
A.2.1.2
Total # of home mortgage loans outstanding at the end of year5,943.46 thousand5,854 thousandNot available
Country Editor
A.2.2
Total amount of home mortgages made in calendar year in millions of USD279,671.69 USD (millions)303,734.34 USD (millions)333,757.03 USD (millions)
Country Editor
A.2.3
and as % of GDP (current) 19.69%21.9%26.33%
Country Editor
A.2.3.1
and as % of all credits originated in calender yearNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.2.3.2
Total # of home mortgage originations made in calendar year634.38 thousand662.57 thousandNot available
Country Editor
A.2.4
What % of total new mortgages is refinance?32.32%31.33%33%
Country Editor
A.2.5
A.3 Housing Finance Products
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Mortgage products as % of all mortgages (approx.) in local currency:A.3.1
Fixed rate for life of loan16.9%14.9%14.6%
Australian Bureau of Statistics
A.3.1.1
Variable rate/discretionaryNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.3.1.3
Non-fully amoritizing loans (e.g. Price level adjusted/Interest only) Not availableNot available38%
 
A.3.1.5
Most prevalent type of foreign currency mortgage used:A.3.3
Most frequent interest rates on fully amortizing:A.3.4
Typical lender fees associated with mortgage origination: A.3.6
Typical third party fees associated with mortgage origination:A.3.7
Appraisal feesNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.3.7.1
Legal feesNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.3.7.3
Loan-to-Value (LTV) on first mortgage: A.3.8
Maximum LTV808080
Reserve Bank of Australia
A.3.8.1
Typical LTV at origination707070
Reserve Bank of Australia
A.3.8.2
Maximum term over which pmt is calculated? 40 years40 years40 years
RBA
A.3.9
Mortgage pmt-to-income ratio A.3.10
Maximum pmt-to-income ratio (HH income)Not availableNot availableNot available
 
A.3.10.1
Typical pmt-to-income ratio (HH income)7.2%6.9%6.3%
Reserve Bank of Australia
A.3.10.3
A.4 Lending and Servicing Process
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Does the mortgage industry use standard principles/guidelines for underwriting?YesYesYes
APRA
A.4.1
Which institutions define underwriting rules? A.4.2
Central Bank/Ministry of FinanceNoNoNo
Country Editor
A.4.2.1
Secondary market facilityYesYesYes
Country Editor
A.4.2.2
Major Lender  Yes
Country Editor
A.4.2.3
OtherYesYesYes
Standard and Poor's
A.4.2.4
Are loan originations conducted by others than employees of lenders?YesYesNot available
Country Editor
A.4.3
% of Originations done by brokersNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.4.3.1
% of Originations done on the internetNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.4.3.2
Do third party servicing institutions exist? Yes Yes
Various third-party servicing websites
A.4.5
A.5 Credit Risk Assessment
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Do credit bureaus exist? YesYesYes
Veda Advantage
A.5.2
Are there legal/regulatory constraints to gaining access to credit information?  Yes
Country Editor
A.5.2.1
What percentage of mortgage originations use credit scoring?Not availableNot availableNot available
 
A.5.1
Is mortgage default insurance available?YesYesYes
Standard and Poor's
A.5.3
When did it begin operating?196519651965
Australian Parliament
A.5.3.1
What is the typical MI product?Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI) is generally used for higher risk loans (LTV>80%); typically 100% loss coverage; premium is based on LTV ratio and is charged as single premium upfront; cost of LMI is typically passed to borrower Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI) is generally used for higher risk loans (LTV>80%); typically 100% loss coverage; premium is based on LTV ratio and is charged as single premium upfront; cost of LMI is typically passed to borrowerLenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI) is generally used for higher risk loans (LTV>80%); typically 100% loss coverage; premium is based on LTV ratio and is charged as single premium upfront; cost of LMI is typically passed to borrower
Bank of International Settlements
A.5.3.2
Number of private mortgage insurersNot availableNot availableNot available
 
A.5.3.3
Are credit guarantee systems used? Not availableNot availableNot available
 
A.5.4
Is there public sponsored MI / guarantee?NoNoNo
Reserve Bank of Australia
A.5.5
What % of the market does public MI / guarantee serve?22%23%Not available
Country Editor
A.5.6
What share of total annual mortgage production is insured/guaranteed? 20%17%Not available
IMF
A.5.7
B. Funding Sources for Mortgages and the Secondary Mortgage Market
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
What are the main funding sources for mortgages?B.1
Retail funding (deposits/other)primaryprimaryprimary
Bloomberg, RBA
B.1.1
Funding through mortgage bonds tertiarytertiarytertiary
Bloomberg, Standard and Poor's
B.1.3
Funding through securitization of mortgagessecondarysecondarysecondary
Bloomberg, Standard and Poor's
B.1.4
What % of Residential Mortgage Backed Securities is issued by centralized conduit or liquidity facility? Not availableNot availableNot available
 
B.2
Who are the investors in RMBS?Major banks, Non-ADIs (authorized deposit-taking institutions), other ADIsNot availableNot available
Reserve Bank of Australia
B.3
What is the proportion of RMBS in the overall private securities market?  80%
Securitisation Australia
B.4
C. Housing Microfinance
VariableEnd of 2018End of 2017End of 2016SourcesVar ID
Are non-collateralized housing micro-finance loans offered? Not availableNot availableNot available
 
C.1
Types of lenders operating in the housing micro-finance (HMF) sector:C.2
Commercial banksNot availableNot availableNot available
 
C.2.1
Specialized non-depository MFIs Not availableNot availableNot available
 
C.2.2
NGOsNot availableNot availableNot available
 
C.2.3
Level of NPLs (>90 days past due) in HMFC.4
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Notes: Data is for 2008-2009 period AUS amount = $1,049/sqm *.79. IMF annual market exchange rates for 2009 used (1.27 AUD = 1 USD).
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS
Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS
Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: 0.2 - 0.3% estimate. Figure is % of total prime bank loans.
Notes: 1/4 of all mortgage loans are covered by private LMI. Public sector was a provider previously but exited the market in the 1990s.
Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions
Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions
Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions
Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions
Notes: 50% conducted by others than employees of lenders
Notes: 50% conducted by others than employees of lenders
Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.
Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.
Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.
Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage
Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage
Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage
Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Proportion of all private households.
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: All Residential Housing
Notes: Approx. $500 AUS. IMF annual average market exchange rate for 2009 used (AUS 1.27 = 1 USD).
Notes: As of Jan 1 2011 potential borrowers must be given a credit guide, which includes the lenders license number, fees, and the right to complain. See ASIC website
Notes: Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.
Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.
Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.
Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.
Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901
Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901
Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901
Notes: Conveyancing fees generally between $700 - $2,000 AUS. Figure is mean value - $1350 AUS. IMF annual average market exchange rate for 2009 used (AUS 1.27 = 1 USD).
Notes: Covered bonds have been outlawed since the Banking Act of 1959, allowed since 2010
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD
Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)
Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)
Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)
Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties
Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties
Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties
Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties
Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.
Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.
Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.
Notes: Estimate approx 30% of all loans. Based on rough estimate of those with LVRs 80 or above likely to obtain mortgage insurance. As an estimate they have a majority share of the first home buyer market. This needs to be verified
Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.
Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.
Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.
Notes: Estimated household income is s Percentage increase is from 2005-2006 to the year 2007-2008.
Notes: Estimated household income is sourced from the ABS 2007-2008 Survey of Income and Housing Costs. Percentage increase is from 2005-2006 to the year 2007-2008.
Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: Fargason, James: According to Bloomberg. Issuance in 2013 was $10.4B USD: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-10/covered-bond-boom-wanes-as-rmbs-sales-double-australia-credit
Notes: Figure for 2009 is from June 2008 to June 2009. Increases are Nominal. REIA and Mortgage Choice Real Estate Market Facts, A Quarterly Review of Major Property Markets.
Notes: Figure is % of total prime bank loans. Non performing mortgage loan 90 days is for June 2008.
Notes: Figure is % of total prime bank loans. Non performing mortgage loan 90 days is for June 2009.
Notes: Figure is an estimate. Most conforming lenders use some form of credit scoring and checks. The non conforming sector which is small in Australia is specifically designed for those with impaired credit histories.
Notes: Figure is an estimate. The proportion of first home owners to repeat buyers averages below 20%, however, this figure increased to around 30% through out the GFC as first home buyers took advantage of FHOB. Not all FHB receive subsidies.
Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.
Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.
Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.
Notes: Figure is approximate. Brokers are increasingly used to help navigate the vast array of home loan products now on the market. Basel III will also have implications for changing lending standards.
Notes: Figure is for the average floor area of new residential dwellings, which includes houses and other residences.
Notes: Figure is for the average floor area of new residential dwellings, which includes houses and other residences.
Notes: Figures for 2008 is from December 2007 to September 2008. Increases are Nominal. REIA and Mortgage Choice Real Estate Market Facts, A Quarterly Review of Major Property Markets.
Notes: Finance commitments for owner occupied housing (not for investment housing), includes transactions for new and existing housing sales.
Notes: Finance commitments for owner occupied housing (not for investment housing), includes transactions for new and existing housing sales.
Notes: First home buyers only
Notes: First home buyers only
Notes: First home owner grants
Notes: First home owner grants
Notes: First Home Owners Saver Account (FHSA) introduced in Oct 2008. The Government invests savings at 17% adding $850 to every $5,000 held within an individual FHSA.
Notes: First Home Owners Saver Account (FHSA) introduced in Oct 2008. The Government invests savings at 17% adding $850 to every $5,000 held within an individual FHSA.
Notes: First home super savers (FHSS) scheme was introduced in the 2017-2018 federal budget
Notes: First home super savers (FHSS) scheme was introduced in the 2017-2018 federal budget
Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% Goods and Services Tax for first-time buyers
Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers
Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers
Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers
Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III
Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank
Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank
Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank
Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank
Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank
Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.
Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.
Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329
Notes: Human Development Report 2009 for 2007 periodDevelopment
Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.
Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.
Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.
Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.
Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.
Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS
Notes: Income measure is based on national equivalized disposable income of first home buyers surveyed in the 2007-2008 Survey of Income and Housing Costs. Caution required as high standard error on figure.
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Index 2010 = 100
Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households
Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households
Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.
Notes: Interest payments on housing debt as a percentage of household disposable income
Notes: Interest payments on housing debt as a percentage of household disposable income
Notes: Interest-only loans
Notes: Issuance has halved to A$3.58B from A$7.85B https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-20/aussie-mortgage-bonds-missing-in-action-as-cheaper-funds-becko
Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.
Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.
Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.
Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.
Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.
Notes: Many international investors withdrew from the market during the GFS.
Notes: Many international investors withdrew from the market during the GFS.
Notes: Maximum LTV for CBA, one of the largest loan originating lenders, is set at 80% for residential mortgages without mortgage insurance
Notes: Median gross household income for capital cities. Median gross weekly AUS $1,410 *.84 = US $1,184 * 52. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2008 used (1.2 AUD = 1 USD)
Notes: Median weekly income 2011-2012, multiplied here by 52
Notes: Median weekly income 2013-2014, multiplied here by 52
Notes: Minimum wage based on October 2008 as there was no change in 2009. Weekly amount in 2008 was $543.78 or $14.31 hr. This is the Australia wide rate set by the Australian Fair Pay Commission. Monthly US amount calculated by multiplying 30.4 average month/7 days*$451 US conversion for weekly amount. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2008 used (1.2 AUD = 1 USD)
Notes: Minimum wage based on October 2008 as there was no change in 2009. Weekly amount in 2008 was $543.78 or $14.31 hr. This is the Australia wide rate set by the Australian Fair Pay Commission. Monthly US amount calculated by multiplying 30.4 average month/7 days*$451 US conversion for weekly amount. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2009 used (1.27 AUD = 1 USD)
Notes: Most loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%
Notes: Most loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%
Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.
Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.
Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.
Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas
Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.
Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.
Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.
Notes: New RMBS issuance valued at A$5.1B: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-22/aussie-housing-risks-no-deterrent-as-mortgage-bond-sales-climb
Notes: No explicit guarantee, but the CLF provides the implicit guarantee of liquidity (perhaps as a lender of last resort)
Notes: No explicit guarantee, but the CLF provides the implicit guarantee of liquidity (perhaps as a lender of last resort)
Notes: Nominal increase of 147% from 1997-2007; Real increase from 1997 to 2006 was 81%
Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties
Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties
Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties
Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties
Notes: Not well measured in Australia.
Notes: Not well measured in Australia.
Notes: Not well measured in Australia.
Notes: Not well-documented, however many lenders now have this option and have experienced increasing demand for the service. Brokers also use the online facilities to lodge applications.
Notes: November 2007 fixed rate stood at 38%.
Notes: of which basic variable 45.25%, standard variable 29.95%, and special variable 14.45%
Notes: of which basic variable 48.35%, standard variable 40.15%, and special variable 6.72%
Notes: Over 40% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%
Notes: Over 50% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%
Notes: Over 50% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%
Notes: Pepper and AMAL are examples of third party servicing institutions
Notes: Please visit the Research Center for 2005 data.
Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information
Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information
Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information.
Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.
Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.
Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.
Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.
Notes: RMBS Issuance = 2% of GDP in 2015. ~ $25 B A$
Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers
Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.
Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.
Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.
Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.
Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.
Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.
Notes: Stamp Duty
Notes: Stamp Duty
Notes: Stamp Duty
Notes: Stamp Duty
Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.
Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.
Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.
Notes: Stamp duty on mortgages and leases
Notes: Stamp duty on mortgages and leases
Notes: Stamp duty on transfers of property
Notes: Stamp duty on transfers of property
Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.
Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.
Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.
Notes: testing
Notes: The ABS separate the self employed into independent contractors and other business operators. Total % are for the two combined groups.
Notes: The ABS separate the self employed into independent contractors and other business operators. Total % are for the two combined groups.
Notes: The Aust govt through its GFC stimulus into RMBS has recently agreed to direct investment funds to a liquidity facility administered through AOFM and coordinated by RBA. The bonds available through the facility total $5 billion.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.
Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions
Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions
Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions
Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.
Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.
Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.
Notes: The main Govt direct intervention into the mortgage market has been the recent purchasing of RMBS. Smaller scale programs exist such as HomeStart Finance established and administered by the State of South Australia as a statutory lending organization for low to moderate homeowners, however, such initiatives are not widespread or within mainstream lending practices.
Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.
Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.
Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There are four major banks
Notes: There has been a considerable drop in the uptake of fixed rate loans since late 2007. However, there are some hybrid type loans, where you can fix the interest rate for a certain period of the loan. 2008 figures are for December quarter.
Notes: There has been a considerable drop in the uptake of fixed rate loans since late 2007. However, there are some hybrid type loans, where you can fix the interest rate for a certain period of the loan. Whole life of loan fixed rates are now very uncommon although there has been a slight increase in the uptake at the end of 2009. 2009 figures are for the September quarter.
Notes: There is no government maximum LTV but private LMI companies will only insure properties with LTV <80%
Notes: Third party or guarantor loans do exist but are very uncommon.
Notes: This figure is a proportion of RMBS from all Australian Asset Back Securities based on stock outstanding as of Oct 2009.
Notes: This is the number for Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions. These are the institutions monitored by APRA. The total number of non conforming or sub-prime lender in Australia is difficult to enumerate. Number of ADIs as of 2005 = 224 Number of major non conforming or subprime lenders = 4, includes Liberty Financial, Pepper Home Loans, GE Mortgage Soluations, Bluestone Mortgages.
Notes: Total number of dwelling units constructed includes private and public house construction. Almost all construction in Australia is within the formal sector.
Notes: Total number of dwelling units constructed includes private and public house construction. Almost all construction in Australia is within the formal sector.
Notes: Transactions are usually under-stated because information on off-the-plan sales do not become available until settlement. This is likely to be more of a problem when new apartment construction is elevated, as has been the case in Australia in recent years.
Notes: Weighted average of eight capital cities
Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.
Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.
Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.
Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value
Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value.
Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value.